Speaker: Dr. Richard Frederick Spaide
Ophthalmologist
Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York
New York, USA
Dr. Spaide specializes in diseases of the retina and vitreous. His particular interests include retinal surgery, macular degeneration, macular holes, macular pucker, diabetic retinopathy, and intraocular inflammation. He has published more than 300 articles and 50 book chapters and 9 books about the diagnosis and treatment of retinal diseases. He has given lectures around the world.
Presentation title: Overview of Venous Overload Choroidopathy
Venous overload choroidopathy unites many seemingly disparate diseases ranging from central serous chorioretinopathy, the choroidal effects of carotid cavernous sinus fistulas, right sided heart failure, and choroidal hemangiomas to name a few. These conditions share common changes related to the effects of increased venous backpressure and the induced effects. These include choroidal thickening, dilation of choroidal veins, intervortex venous anastomoses, serous detachment of the retinal pigment epithelium, and retina. The increased venous pressure is thought to lead to venous dilation and remodeling, enlargement of anastomotic channels, increased backpressure on the choriocapillaris leading to damage and leakage. Consequences of leakage are serous detachment of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium. Loss of and damage to the choriocapillaris may contribute to atrophy and macular neovascularization. The pathophysiologic steps mirror those in chronic venous insufficiency as seen in multiple organ systems in the body. A familiar example being varicose veins of the leg, a commonly occurring manifestation of chronic venous insufficiency. In the leg there is venous dilation, enlargement of anastomotic vessels, back loading of capillaries with increased capillary leakage and damage as a consequence. The causes of venous overload in the eye can be split into extrinsic reasons such as carotid cavernous sinus fistulas and vortex vein occlusion from scleral buckles and intrinsic reason, which occur from intraocular reasons. Recognition of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved can aid in the creation of new treatment strategies.